I've met many of the people who work at NASA's ASRS. They had a meeting back in 2002 bringing together many airlines because of the growing number of ASAP programs.
The Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) allows pilots many of the same protections as ASRS. These programs are also all linked to the ASRS in that a ASRS report is automatically filed for the pilot. The first ASAP program in the US was started at American. Now, there are ASAP programs at United, Northwest, Alaska, Hawaiian, AirTran, ATA,
ACA, and many other airlines. The program has to be FAA approved and lets reps from the airline, union, and FAA meet to discuss the incidents and come up with appropriate resolutions. The worse course of action would be a letter of correction (IIRC).